Contradiction with Exodus 13:2
Exodus 13:2 states that all the firstborn are sanctified as belonging to God, whereas Numbers 8:16 specifically refers to the Levites being taken instead of every firstborn for service.
Exodus 13:2: Sanctify unto me all the firstborn, whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of Israel, [both] of man and of beast: it [is] mine.
Contradiction with Numbers 3:12-13
Numbers 3:12-13 describes God taking the Levites instead of the firstborn, similar to Numbers 8:16, but it emphasizes a broader context that includes both redemption and substitution, potentially suggesting a different nuance.
Numbers 3:12-13: And I, behold, I have taken the Levites from among the children of Israel instead of all the firstborn that openeth the matrix among the children of Israel: therefore the Levites shall be mine;
Contradiction with 1 Peter 2:9
1 Peter 2:9 speaks of all believers as a royal priesthood chosen by God, whereas Numbers 8:16 designates only the Levites for special service.
1 Peter 2:9: But ye [are] a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: [peculiar: or, purchased] [praises: or, virtues]
Paradox #1
The contradiction or conflict in this context might arise from the idea of certain people being set apart or made special for religious duties, which could be seen as conflicting with the concept of equality or egalitarianism where all individuals are viewed as having equal moral and spiritual worth. Some might question why some are chosen for special roles over others.